issues. Lastly, the timescales involved in changing aviation technology and hence envi-,

• Aircraft are washed in three ways: dry wash, wet cosmetic wash and wet maintenance,

the high capital costs of aircraft coupled with the high residual value of aircraft pro-,

to pollution. In the UK, The Control of Pollution (Oil Storage) (England) Regulations,

statements that are required prior to airport development projects or airspace redesign.,

While environmental performance ranks behind safety and economics in priorities in the,

and to be positioned in a place where they will not be damaged by vehicle collisions.,

on Aviation Environment Protection (CAEP) is responsible for setting standards relat-,

In Europe, the European Union monitors and limits emissions by means of Directives,

propylene glycol, urea, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, calcium magnesium acetate, or,

interrelated. For example, quieter engines may be heavier and therefore less fuel efficient,,

chemicals such as oils, fuel and heavy metals.,

less CO2 and therefore have less impact on global climate. Finally, passengers in general,

storm water drains and adversely affect plant and animal life.,

and to be positioned in a place where they will not be damaged by vehicle collisions.,

While environmental performance ranks behind safety and economics in priorities in the,

aerodynamic properties of the wing are not changed by ice. Ice layers of only a few,

increasing fuel use (and thus increasing operating costs and environmental impacts). To,

serves or has served as Area Editor (Transportation) for Operations Research , as Asso-,

medium-sized airport may use more than 264 000 gallons of deicing fluid (Betts, 1999). In,

cially acceptable and certified, production runs on successful commercial aircraft may,

fluids (Type I ADFs) and aircraft anti-icing fluids (Type IV AAFs) (Switzenbaum et al.,,

noise standards at one location may compromise emissions more generally.,

tives aim to harmonize monitoring strategies, measuring methods, calibration and quality,

levels of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and H2O in the troposphere and stratosphere.,

are trade secrets.,

Peter P. Belobaba is Principal Research Scientist at MIT’s International Center for Air,

• Construction and contractors’ compounds.,

In regions where temperatures drop below the freezing point, aircraft surfaces must be,

statements that are required prior to airport development projects or airspace redesign.,

Deicing and anti-icing of aircraft are most commonly done by applying aircraft deicing,

are (BAA, 2003):,

assessment methods across the EU. Previously, emissions standards were set at national,

airports are located in conservation areas they may also be required to manage invasive,

medium-sized airport may use more than 264 000 gallons of deicing fluid (Betts, 1999). In,

quality, community noise, local air quality, and climate change, and how these impacts,

effectively balance the need for mobility with the demand for environmental protection,,

from aircraft engines directly and indirectly (through the formation of cirrus clouds),

balance must be struck. Balancing society’s objectives for mobility and environmental,

and to be positioned in a place where they will not be damaged by vehicle collisions.,

of aviation emissions at the local and regional level.,

and contractors on the airfield at Heathrow. Residue from washing of aircraft stands,

ing the impact of aviation on the environment. In the USA, the Environmental Protection,

ties containing airports do not meet federal Clean Air Act standards (Pub. L. 101 - 549,,

Most nations have one or more governmental agencies that are responsible for manag-,

cially acceptable and certified, production runs on successful commercial aircraft may,

addition, iced-over or snow-covered runways, taxiways and aprons must also be deiced,,

assessment methods across the EU. Previously, emissions standards were set at national,

vents as well as heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. This runoff can be significant;,

mization of large-scale transportation systems, airline schedule planning and the airline,