changes, technological changes and policy changes (that may or may not directly impact,

protection standards. The Clean Air Act of 1973 (CAA), which was last amended in,

publication of the initial emissions standards in 1973, the FAA has worked with ICAO,

airport activities, and is discussed in detail in this chapter.,

friendly airlines or aircraft, the necessary information is not easily available to those,

medium-sized airport may use more than 264 000 gallons of deicing fluid (Betts, 1999). In,

propylene glycol, urea, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, calcium magnesium acetate, or,

friendly airlines or aircraft, the necessary information is not easily available to those,

issued by the Environmental Council (European Commission, 2006a). The EU Direc-,

award for the Advancement of Women in Operations Research and Management Science.,

allowing environmental externalities) also produces negative economic impacts. Thus, a,

may have negative consequences for local, national and world economies. But allow-,

noise compatibility programs (Pub. L. 96 - 193).,

• Aircraft are washed in three ways: dry wash, wet cosmetic wash and wet maintenance,

Ambient Air Quality Standards, or NAAQS) and requires states to implement a plan (state,

aircraft may be subject to different operating restrictions based on its noise level at its,

issues. Lastly, the timescales involved in changing aviation technology and hence envi-,

be removed by mechanical means (snowplows and brushes). Sand and salt (sodium or,

term. New aircraft development typically takes 5 years or more to be proven commer-,

The FAA also bears the responsibility for setting and enforcing aviation noise standards,

dispersing agents and thickeners. These additives protect the aircraft and allow the glycol,

ily through surface discharge of contaminated water. The main sources of contaminants,

can lead to overflows from fuel vents on full fuel tanks.,

allowing environmental externalities) also produces negative economic impacts. Thus, a,

are technically feasible through basic research (NRC, 2002).,

Aircraft NOx emissions have indirect effects through production of tropospheric ozone,

origin and destination airports. These differing standards may lead to conflict because of,

eral additives, such as corrosion inhibitors, flame retardants, wetting agents, pH buffers,,

ing the impact of aviation on the environment. In the USA, the Environmental Protection,

This chapter provides an introductory overview of civil aviation’s impacts on water,

airports are located in conservation areas they may also be required to manage invasive,

noise restrictions and distribute funding for mitigation (typically sound insulation for,

from aircraft engines directly and indirectly (through the formation of cirrus clouds),

ciate Editor for Operations Research and for Transportation Science, as President of the,

changes, technological changes and policy changes (that may or may not directly impact,

operations and technology). Operational changes include limiting flight hours (e.g., noise,

14.3 Airport Water Quality Control,

issues. Lastly, the timescales involved in changing aviation technology and hence envi-,

Co-Director of MIT’s Center for Transportation and Logistics. Professor Barnhart has,

is fueling heightened attention across the industry to addressing aviation’s environmental,

balance society’s desires for mobility and environmental quality.,

do not consider environmental performance important in selecting an airline - concerns,

vide airlines with a strong disincentive to prematurely phase out or retire aircraft. For,

Lynch and Khodadoust, 2001). Deicing and anti-icing of aircraft are therefore essential,

101 - 549, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2399). For aircraft, the enforcement responsibility,

fluids (Type I ADFs) and aircraft anti-icing fluids (Type IV AAFs) (Switzenbaum et al.,,

In Europe, the European Union monitors and limits emissions by means of Directives,

Airports affect the quality of water in surrounding waterways, rivers and wetlands primar-,

issued by the Environmental Council (European Commission, 2006a). The EU Direc-,

from washing of ground support vehicles can contain oils, grease, detergents and sol-,